Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example Essay Example

Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example Paper Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Introduction The contemporary map of conflicts in Africa does not showcase Nigeria- and for a good reason: there are no international peace keeping forces there. The main theatres of conflict on the continent have for the better part of the last two decades been the Great Lakes region, the Horn of Africa, and parts of West Africa. These include countries such as: Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Somalia, Sudan, Sierra Leone and Cà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te d’Ivoire. To the Horn of Africa sample must be added Eritrea, which despite having secured independence from Ethiopia, still has unresolved border issues with that country. However, as far as armed conflicts are concerned, Nigeria does have some experience – if one recalls that between 1967 and 1970, only a few years after gaining independence from Britain (in 1960), the country was engulfed in a bloody civil war. It cannot be reasonably assumed that the Nigerian government and people have done all they should to prevent the tensions and ‘civil disturbances’ which frequently erupt, or have become endemic, in different parts of the country from escalating into ‘bleeding’ conflicts. Such tensions include the restiveness in the Niger Delta (Nigeria’s oil and gas province) – a region that has since the early 1990s witnessed an almost unbroken orgy of violence and militarization. Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Body Paragraphs The Niger Delta lies in the south of the country and consists of nine states and nearly 70,000 square kilometers of land and waterways. This area accounts for over 90 per cent of Nigeria’s known gas and oil reserves, which in turn accounted for nearly 80 per cent of total government revenues. As Nigeria’s economic powerhouse, the Delta is important to the country’s economic standing, as well as to the politicians who benefit from the incoming revenue. Mismanagement of oil revenues since independence, corruption, the failure to redistribute oil wealth, the utter lack of development in the Delta, and environmental damage arising from oil related exploration related activities have hardened the resolve of those living in the region to agitate for change, and increased popular support for those groups fighting for a better deal. Militancy has grown in the Delta in response to the continued lack of attention to the basic needs of the population: Social instability, po or local governance, competition for economic resources and environmental degradation has taken a toll . . . . The delta today is a place of frustrated expectation and deep-rooted mistrust . . . [where] [l]ong years of neglect and conflict have fostered a siege mentality (UNDP, 2006, p. 16)1. The grievances of those living in the Delta are well founded. The population suffers from environmental contamination resulting from the operations of oil companies and the oil bunkering (illegal tapping of oil pipelines) of armed groups. Oil spills and gas flaring have negatively affected agricultural land, water sources, and air quality. In return, the population has received very little from the government, which benefits from the high revenues earned from selling oil overseas. Legally, the population has no control over the oil that sits beneath their land, and no claim to the profits accrued through its sale. The percentage of revenue received by oil-producing states has increased to 13 pe r cent from less than 2 per cent under military rule, but this funding goes to state coffers, with few visible signs of it being spent to improve the lives of people in local communities. Although the incidence of poverty is said to have declined since 1996 in the Delta (UNDP, 2006, p. 58)2, the lack of roads, the limited health care and education facilities, high unemployment, and limited future prospects underline the neglect by the state and federal governments. While there are legitimate grievances in the Delta, not all violence can be equated with a fight for justice, development, or equitable distribution of oil revenues. The Delta has witnessed the emergence of a plethora of armed groups over the past decades. Some of these groups agitate for change in the political situation and in the distribution of resources. More often, the push is not for democratic governance or an even distribution of oil revenues, but rather a call for the right to all oil revenues for oil-producing areas. In other words, it is a claim for resource control and financial revenue to be ceded to the oil producing states where decisions about distribution can then be made, thereby taking this decision-making power out of the hands of the federal government. Other groups merely take advantage of the lack of law and order in the area to engage in criminal activities and oil bunkering aimed at profit or territorial control. Although many groups use the legitimate problems in the Delta to justify their actions, no group has come forward with a political and economic plan of its own on how to resolve the concerns of the Delta communities. Given the difficulty in obtaining information on armed groups, as well as the fluidity with which they evolve, it is difficult to obtain an exact figure for the number of these groups active in the Delta today or accurate information about their activities. The numbers continue to change as groups emerge, merge, or disappear. While smaller groups certa inly have an impact at the local level, there are perhaps only a handful of groups large enough to affect the dynamics of the region as a whole. The most prominent group currently active in the Niger Delta is the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND). Other active groups include the Coalition for Militant Action in the Niger Delta (COMA), the Joint Revolutionary Council (JRC), the Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force (NDPVF), and a number of cult groups, such as the Outlaws and Icelander. Armed groups have increased their use of violent tactics over the past year in the form of kidnappings, battles with security forces, clashes with one another, and car bombs, which is a more recent tactic. Such groups are demonstrating increasingly sophisticated tactics and weaponry, raising concerns about future violence. Those groups with more purely economic motives have joined the fray by tapping into the illegal oil-bunkering trade and kidnapping international oil and construction workers for ransom. The response of the government has been an increase in the militarization of its approach to the Delta crisis, but this strategy has not yielded the dividends intended. Instead, this heavy-handed approach seems to have spurred on the armed groups, solidified their commitment to armed struggle, encouraged recruitment, oil pipeline Vandalization, and raised public support for some of these groups. â€Å"Those who proclaim the death of sovereignty misread the history. The nation state has a keen instinct for survival and has so far adapted to new challenges, even the challenge of globalization† (Krasner, 2001: 20). He also argues that globalization is not a new challenge or phenomena. Even though I agree that globalization is not something of today, the question that remains is whether contemporary globalization is likely to have a different impact on the nation state then that of the past? For today’s globalization distinguishes itself fr om that of the past in terms of rapid communication, market liberalization and the global integration of goods, services and production. Taking the example of the European supremacy era in world trade, and its relation with the Far East, we can speak of a global trade and exchange of goods and services. This explains the difference between modern globalization and that of the past. Even though it might not be appropriated to compare the ancient world with today’s modern nation states, as we did not have independent and sovereign states then; we had independent regions. For example, China was not dependent on economical relations with Europe in the past; nor was Europe on China. But today there is an increasingly growing interdependency between them. The nation states are compelled to build relations with other states in order to sell their goods, services and develop a stronger and larger economy. So due to this interdependency we can undermine one of the three-fold capacitie s of a sovereign state -the absolute freedom from any external force, which shapes the conduct of the nation states. Although states are not literally forced to modify their conduct toward the international society or other states, it is in their interest to do so. Part of the sovereignty is also the ability of a state to solve its domestic problems on its own. But since problems and threats are getting more globalized, it is almost impossible for a state to act alone and entirely independent. Taking the international crime as an example, let’s assume there is a weapon trade between two criminal organizations rooted in Germany and in The Netherlands. In order to demolish this crime network The Netherlands is dependent on the assistance of Germany and vice versa. This undermines the second notion of sovereignty, which is absolute supremacy over internal affairs within its territory. Also seen from a philosophical point of view, there is a demising process in the sovereignty of nation state. The emergence of International Human Rights Organization, which is based on the Kantian philosophy that views the world as a community of free individuals; a community where nations and borders are no longer relevant or of any meaning. According to this philosophy one can speak of a world, which is going toward a global civil society. It might be worth mentioning what the notion of global civil society stands for. Originally the notion of civil society referred to, or was characterized by, a social contract. â€Å"Civil society was a type of state on the We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Transnational’s, the State and the Spatial Contexts of Local Militancy in Nigeria Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Audit Proposal Essay Example

Audit Proposal Essay Example Audit Proposal Essay Audit Proposal Essay Audit Proposal Waleska Wojciak University of Phoenix April 5, 2010 Introduction Control procedures are important in the efficient operation of an accounting information system (AIS). Organizations have audits to ensure procedures are functioning properly and there is no need for additional controls. This research of internal, external, financial, risk assessment, and information technology audits will examine and ensure that internal controls have been correctly placed and properly functioning. Kudler Fine Foods can use audits for their systemsâ„ ¢ processes, as they involve information technology (Bergranoff, Nancy (2008)). Types of audits Internal or external audit concerns employee adherence to company policies, procedures, and development of internal controls. Audits on information technology involve the evaluation of the computerâ„ ¢s role in achieving audit and control objectives. These audits encompass the components of the computer-based AIS: people, procedures, hardware, data communications, software, and databases. They are broad in scope and include auditing for fraud and ensuring that employees are not copying software programs. The four types of information technology (IT) audits are: Attestation, Findings and Recommendations, SAS 70 Audit, and SAS 94 Audit. The three types of IT audits that will be used at Kudler Fine Foods will be Attestation, SAS 94, and Financial Audit. IT auditors can use the Attestation and Financial Audits for accounts payable, accounts receivable, and payroll as they confirm that numbers on the financial statements are correct, internal procedures are compliant with COSO, and check sales contracts with third parties. For the inventory and payroll departments the SAS 94 Audit can be used as it helps auditors gain an understanding of how recurring and nonrecurring journal entries are initiated, entered, and processed through the companies information system and the IT components evaluated are: physical and environment review, system administration review, application software review, network security review, business continuity review, and data integrity review (Bergranoff, Nancy (2008). Attestation Attestation audits provide assurance for which the client is responsible, such as verifying that internal controls are effectively using the standards of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The auditor will perform an examination, review, or agreed-upon the procedure (AUP); provide a written report often called Report to Management based on the findings. Typically, AUP is a negative assurance report in which the auditor states what it was done, what was found or lack of and provides feedback to the user of the report. Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAE 10) specifically identify COSO as suitable criteria. Commission agreement reviews is another type of attest procedures in which the auditor verify that a clients commission agreement is being properly accounted for and it includes the review of contracts between clients and third party. WebTrust engagement objective is to evaluate a companys website according to AICPA/CICA standards. Sy sTrust engagements evaluate the reliability of the companys business information. Financial projections include financial statement forecast and proforma financial information. Auditors are only involved to the extent the auditor needs to use special software to perform projections (Bagranoff, Nancy (2008). SAS 94 Audit A SAS 94 Audit is performed by an auditor when a company undergoes a financial audit; requires the auditor to consider the effect of the companyâ„ ¢s information technology on its assessment of control risk. Specifically, when a company has a significant amount of transactions processed electronically that the auditor cannot restrict detention risk to an acceptable level by performing only substantive tests. This audit requires the auditor to consider how a clientâ„ ¢s IT processes affects internal control, evidential matter, and the assessment of control risk; gain an understanding of how transactions are initiated, entered, and processed during the clients information system. The SAS 94 Audit helps auditors gain an understanding of how recurring and nonrecurring journal entries are initiated, entered, and processed through the companys information system. SAS 94 applies to most companies undergoing an audit in which both the financial and IT components are evaluated and invol ves: physical and environment review, system administration review, application software review, network security review, business continuity review, and data integrity review. Financial Statement Audits In the audit of financial statements, the auditors ensures that the preparation of financial statements are in conformity with general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or a comprehensive basis other than GAAP. The main objective of the risk assessment audit approach is to review the system control procedures to evaluate the risks associated with any control weaknesses to the integrity of the accounting data in the financial reports. This approach provides auditors with a good understanding of the errors and irregularities that can occur in a companyâ„ ¢s AIS environment, related risks and exposure, and ensure that the cost of control procedures do not outweigh their value. The risks relevant to financial reporting include external and internal events that may affect adversely the entityâ„ ¢s ability to initiate, record, process, and report financial data. Risks can arise or change because of circumstances such as the following: changes in operating systems, new personnel, new or revamped information systems, and rapid growth. To avoid these risks systems and programs may include controls related to the corresponding assertions for significant accounts or may be critical to the effective functioning of manual controls that depend on information technology (IT) (AU Section 319) (Bergranoff, Nancy (2008)). How audits will be conducted Regardless the types of audit, auditors use a defined life cycle, which is called the IT Audit Life Cycle. This cycle provides the basic procedures for any audit to be conducted. To conduct an audit certain standards have to be abide and taken into consideration. These standards include the Statements of Auditing Standards, the IS Audit Standards, Guidelines, and Procedures of the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), the AICPAâ„ ¢s Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAE), the International Auditing Standards of the international Federation of Accountants (IFAC), and the ISACAâ„ ¢s Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (Cobit) (Hunton, Bryant, and Bagranoff, 2004). While understanding and following each standard, auditor use the Audit Life Cycle as a guideline, which steps include: strategic planning, risk assessment, preparing the audit program, gathering audit evidence, forming conclusions based on the evidence obtain ed, preparing the audit opinion, and following up (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). The Audit Life Cycle Planning. The first step of the Audit Life Cycle entails planning the audit project. Auditors have to determining what the risks are, familiarizing themselves with the audit client and the clientâ„ ¢s environment, and laying out a plan for conducting the audit. This involves defining who will staff the audit and how the audit will generally be conducted. ISACA Standard 050.010, Audit Planning, states: The information systems auditor is to plan the information systems audit work to address the audit objectives and to comply with applicable professional auditing standards (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). When planning the project, an auditor must also define the scope and control objectives, set materiality, and determine if company wants to outsource to a third party. According to Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, the scope of the audit determines the nature and extent of testing to be performed in the audit (2004). Setting the level of materiality is also done within the planning s tage. The level of materiality establishes the scale auditors use to gauge the importance of exceptions. Generally, materiality is represented as the percentage of total sales or total assets. Risk Assessment, or What Can Go Wrong. According to Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, auditors use a risk-based audit approach to conduct an audit. This assessment entails asking the question of What can go wrong Auditors focus on determining what the critical support processes are for a given audit process (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, 2004). This enables auditor clearly to identify the controls that should be in place to safeguard the integrity of the process under an audit. The risk-based approach involves the client, the industry and environment in which the client operates, and the nature of the clients business processes (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). Hunton, Bryant, and Bagranoff state that without a thorough understanding, the auditor may fail correctly to identify the critical business processes and corresponding internal controls that he should evaluate (2004). Materiality also plays an important part in risk assessment because if a control is absent, [then] how material i s that control (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). Auditors may not test minor processes for control, after that the benefits will not outweigh the value. The Audit Program. The audit program includes the several components: the audit scope, objectives, procedures, and administrative details, such as planning and reporting (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). This program should document the workpapers because it serves as a template for the work to be performed. After the audit is completed, the audit program provides documentation as to who performed individual audit procedures and references to the workpapers where the results of each test and audit step can be viewed (2004). The Audit Program enables the audit to be tracked from planning to report. Auditors can use the template to distinctively define the audit projects scope, objectives, procedures, and administrative details. Gathering Evidence. Gathering evidential matter is the essential part of the audit. It provides the foundation for the audit opinion. According to Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, the ISACA Guideline 060.020.030 identifies several types of evidence (2004). Auditors can use the following but not limited to, as field work evidence: Observed processes and existence of physical items such as computer operations or data backup procedures, documentary evidence such as program change logs, system access logs, and authorization tables, and representations such as client-provided flowcharts, narratives, and written policies and procedures (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, 2004). Auditors may request more information from the client if sufficient evidence is not retrieved to satisfy a given objective. If the auditor cannot obtain the sufficient evidence, he/she must give consideration of the materiality of the evidence and the effect on the scope of the audit (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). Auditor must realize that not all evidence is created equal. Forming Conclusions. After all the audit evidence is gathered, it is the auditorâ„ ¢s job to evaluate the evidence and form conclusions about whether the audit objectives were met and the sufficient (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). This conclusion is based on the procedures performed in arriving at an audit opinion. The auditor should also identify reportable conditions, which are any situation that comes to the attention of the auditor that represents a substantial control weakness (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, 2004). The auditor conclusions will never be astonished to management personnel because auditors are to bring any anomalies to the attention of management when they are discovered. The auditorâ„ ¢s top priority is to identify to management any substantial weaknesses in internal control with material misstatements in the financial statements. The Audit Opinion. No standard audit report, just as it is no standard audit program. ISACA Guideline 070.010.010 provides guidance for items to be included in the audit report. The audit report may include, but no limited to items as: the name of the organization audited, title, signature, date, statement of the objectives of the audit and whether the audit met these objectives, and scope of the audit, including the functional audit area, the audit period covered and the information systems, applications or processing environments auditedâ„ ¢ (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)).These items will enable the audit opinion to be thorough and conclusive for a follow-up. Following Up. The final stage of the Audit Life Cycle is follow-up. According to Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, after the auditor communicates audit results to the client and delivers the audit opinion to the client, the auditor will make provisions to follow-up with the client on any reportable conditions or deficiencies the audit uncovered during the course of the audit (2004). It may take longer for the client to reconcile when there are deficiencies, but auditor and client will agree on the extent and timing of the follow-up procedure during the exit interview. The follow-up may take the form of the following: a telephone call to management and subsequent documentation of the conversation, or the auditor may schedule additional audit procedures to satisfy all parties that management has corrected a material internal control weakness. Each of these six steps enables the auditor to conduct an effective audit. Events that might prevent reliance on auditing through computer IT auditing around the computer involves arriving at an audit opinion through examining and evaluating managements internal controls and them the input and output controls only for application systems. This may be cost effective to audit around the computer when IT systems are simple, clear audit trail exists, and high reliance is placed on user internal controls. Auditing through the computer is costly because you are reviewing the processing logic and internal controls that exist within the system, the records produced by the system, perform compliance test of the computer controls, and perform substantive test of account balances. By auditing through the computer auditors have the power to test an application control system more effectively. The objectives of application controls are to ensure completeness and accuracy of accounting records and the validity of entries made resulting from both manual and programmed processing. Challenges of working through the computer system cou ld be lack of visible evidence and systematic errors, lack of internal controls, lack of the availability of accurate data, and the length of time it is retained in a readily usable form. General controls are developed, maintained and operated, and which are therefore applicable to all of the applications. If there is a lack of general controls within a system, then the auditor can perform test data, integrated test facility, and a parallel simulation to contribute to the assurance of a specific general control because the application controls and the general controls are inter-related. Summation An auditing proposal consists of specific guidelines required to complete an Information System (IS) Audit. By conducting specific audits for each of the processing programs, Kudler Fine Foods can appropriately change any internal or external control issue that can create inaccurate data, untimely data and evaluate the risk associated with running the newly implemented computer automated systems. References AU Section 319. (2007). Consideration of Internal Control in a Financial Statement audit. Retrieved from: Bergranoff, Nancy. (2008). Information technology auditing. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix Library website: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx Bergranoff, Nancy. (2008). Computer controls for organizations and accounting information Systems. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix Library website: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx Bergranoff, Nancy. (2008). Core concepts of accounting information systems. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix Library website: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx Hunton, J. A., Bryant, S. M., Bagranoff, N. A. (2004). Core concepts of information technology auditing. New York: Wiley Sons. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx

The Middle Kingdom Period of Ancient Egypt

The Middle Kingdom Period of Ancient Egypt Running from the end of the first intermediate period to the start of the second, the Middle Kingdom lasted from about 2055-1650 B.C. It was composed of part of the 11th Dynasty, the 12th Dynasty, and current scholars add the first half of the 13th Dynasty. Predynastic EgyptPharaohs of the Predynastic Period, Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom Capital When 1st Intermediate Period Theban king Nebhepetra Mentuhotep II (2055-2004) reunited Egypt, the capital was at Thebes. Twelfth Dynasty king Amenemhat moved the capital to a new town, Amenemhat-itj -tawy (Itjtawy), in the Faiyum region, possibly near the necropolis at Lisht. The capital remained at Itjtawy for the rest of the Middle Kingdom. Middle Kingdom Burials During the Middle Kingdom, there were three types of burials: surface graves, with or without coffinshaft graves, usually with coffintombs with coffin and sarcophagus. Mentuhotep IIs mortuary monument was at Deir-el-Bahri in western Thebes. It was not the saff-tomb type of previous Theban rulers nor the reversion to Old Kingdom types of 12th Dynasty rulers. It had terraces and verandahs with groves of trees. It may have had a square mastaba tomb. His wives tombs were in the complex. Amenemhat II built a pyramid on a platform the White Pyramid at Dahshur. Senusret IIIs was a 60-m high mud-brick pyramid at Dashur. Acts of the Middle Kingdom Pharaohs Mentuhotep II made military campaigns in Nubia, which Egypt had lost by the 1st Intermediate Period. So did Senusret I under whom Buhen became Egypts southern border. Mentuhotep III was the first Middle Kingdom ruler to send an expedition to Punt for incense. He also built fortifications at Egypts northeastern border. Senusret instituted the practice of building of monuments at every cult site and paid attention to the cult of Osiris. Khakheperra Senusret II (1877-1870) developed the Faiyum irrigation scheme with dykes and canals. Senusret III (c.1870-1831) campaigned in Nubia and built fortresses. He (and Mentuhotep II) campaigned in Palestine. He may have gotten rid of the nomarchs who had helped cause the breakdown leading to the 1st Intermediate Period. Amenemhat III (c.1831-1786) engaged in mining operations that made heavy use of Asiatics and may have led to the settling of Hyksos in the Nile Delta. At Fayum a dam was built to channel Nile overflow into a natural lake to be used as needed for irrigation. Feudal Hierarchy of the Middle Kingdom There were still nomarchs in the Middle Kingdom, but they were no longer independent and lost power over the period. Under the pharaoh was the vizier, his chief minister, although there may have been 2 at times. There were also chancellor, overseer, and governors of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Towns had mayors. The bureaucracy was supported by taxes assessed in kind on yields (e.g., farm produce). Middle and lower class people were forced into labor which they could avoid only by paying someone else to do it. The pharaoh also gained wealth from mining and trade, which appears to have extended to the Aegean. Osiris, Death, and Religion In the Middle Kingdom, Osiris became the god of the necropolises. Pharaohs had participated in mystery rites for Osiris, but now [rivate individuals also took part in these rites. During this period, all people were thought to have the spiritual force or ba. Like the rites of Osiris, this had formerly been the province of kings. Shabtis were introduced. Mummies were given cartonnage masks. Coffin texts adorned the coffins of ordinary people. Female Pharaoh There was a female pharaoh in the 12th Dynasty, Sobekneferu/Neferusobek, daughter of Amenemhat III, and possibly half-sister of Amenemhet IV. Sobekneferu (or possibly Nitocris of the 6th Dynasty) was the first ruling queen of Egypt. Her rule of Upper and Lower Egypt, lasting 3 years, 10 months and 24 days, according to the Turin Canon, was the last one in the 12th Dynasty. Sources The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. by Ian Shaw. OUP 2000.Detlef Franke Middle Kingdom The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford, OUP 2001

Clouds Seeding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clouds Seeding - Essay Example This paper takes a closer look at the concept of cloud seeding, the types, uses, and impact on the environment (Keyes 3). The main objective of cloud seeding is to cause enhance the precipitation through rain and snow and reduce the formation of hail and fog. This technology initially launched to research on and to monitor the climatic conditions of various regions in the world has been widely adopted by world’s leading economies with the main objective of negating the effects of extreme weather conditions. Under normal circumstances, harsh weather conditions are mostly experienced in the temperate countries especially during the winter and summer (Keyes 3). Although several methods of cloud seeding exist, the most common categories are the aerial cloud seeding and ground-based cloud seeding. Aerial cloud seeding involves the use of light aircrafts in the modification of weather at a considerable height from the ground. Ground-based cloud seeding on the other hand, entails the launching of intended substances into the earth’s atmosphere to carry out the same purpose. Irrespective of the procedure used to conduct cloud seeding, the underpinning idea is the same as it is the same process conducted in different procedures. Since the essence of cloud seeding is to promote the precipitation of condensed cloud, the methodology involves the injection of certain substances or chemicals into the clouds with the most commonly used being dry ice and silver iodide (Keyes 3). In some cases, the use of propane has proved successful although scholars from certain quarters questioned its efficiency. Since for successful could seeding to take pla ce there has to be super cooled water, the use of silver iodide has solved the problem through its ability to stimulate freezing nucleation because it is crystalline in nature. Research shows that dry ice and propane perform better than silver iodide as far

Diagnosis and Assessment week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diagnosis and Assessment week 1 - Essay Example As an example, in statistics, an abnormality may be the deviation from the average or the majority of other distributions. Intelligence is another area where there is a normal distribution of IQ scores, and then there are standard deviations that are higher or lower than the norm which can show an individual as genius (higher) or mentally retarded (lower). (Dewey, 2010). Society is structured with certain rules and controls that give people an understanding of normal. Normal in this situation is what the majority sees or does. People are expected to follow the rules and those who do not follow these rules are seen as abnormal. In other words, anything that goes against what is considered to be normal by the majority is considered abnormal. The DSM-IV-TR (2000) describes mental disorders rather than saying what is abnormal. They make a distinction between mental disorders and general medical conditions. The general medical condition is defined as any condition that is not a mental condition (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2000). They suggest that "no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of mental disorder" (p. xxx). The APA also defines a mental disorder as a "clinically significant behavior or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress" (APA, p. xxxi). The challenge in using these definitions as a way to assess clients is that clients are labeled by these definitions. For insurance purpose, the counselor must be able to make some sort of diagnosis, but in giving an abnormal diagnosis, the client receives a label that may stay with them the rest of their lives. Designating a client as normal can also create problems because the idea of normal is different for different people. Culture brings another issue to this discussion because cultures have traditions and/or customs

Junking the Junk Food Essay Example for Free

Junking the Junk Food Essay In this article the author is trying to show us how our country has become very unhealthy nation. Warner believes that to end the obesity in the country the government needs to be involved. They should make healthy food more appealing while making the junk food less appealing. There are a lot of people whom are worrying and trying to change the way majority of American people eat. Because almost 40% of American people are fat, and that because the way they eat. Lot of politicians are trying to send their message to the public and trying to make them realize that fast food is bad for them and eating healthy is good. Personally I don’t think that government can force somebody to change the way they eat. The only way or the only solution is changing our culture, because most of the people think eating burgers and fries everyday is normal, that’s their culture. But the day that we change that thinking and the day that we start thinking that eating healthy (fruits, vegetables) everyday is a normal, than we are going to have a different culture, and totally different America. 400 Warner identifies how politician Sarah Palin recently made an appearance in Bucks County, Pennsylvania with cookies to pass out to the kids of the local schools and how unnecessary the act was. Criticizing Palins actions, Warner continues on her point of how children are not deprived of these treats that some believe to be needed and how these foods and lack of nutrition need to be changed not encouraged. 401- Warner also mentions here how Glenn Beck mocked the governmentand led to government health inspectors shutting down a7-year olds lemonade stand. Government can’t regulate what the American people eatand don’t eat. Because there are lot of educated people and know the consequences of eating too much fatty foods. She also refers to Michelle Obama’s campaign to fight childhood obesity. She wants to change our culture educating peoples to eat fruits and vegetables instead of french fries and burgers. 402- Warner explains how government is trying to regulate the amount of junk food that we eat. She is trying to compare current events and historical events to explain how the eating habits in our country have changed over the years. An example is â€Å"the food rationing programs of World War 2† She also offers some solutions to the problem of obesity in the country. One of these solutions is that we should make fatting foods look bad, like we made cigarettes look bad. People will have a hard time changing their eating habits when junk food is portrayed as delicious and they don’t directly receive negative side effects 403- The only way or the only solution is changing our culture, because most of the people think eating burgers and fries everyday is normal, that’s their culture. But the day that we change that thinking and the day that we start thinking that eating healthy (fruits, vegetables) everyday is a normal, than we are going to have a different culture, and totally different America. 404- She also mention if we stop putting the cigarette like a s exy and cool product instead of putting something really bad that can damage our lungs and cause a horrible disease like a lung cancer can stop people smoking.

Laws, Crime and Punishment in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Ess

Laws, Crime and Punishment in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Great Expectations criticises the Victorian judicial and penal system. Through the novel, Charles Dickens displays his point of view of criminality and punishment. This is shown in his portraits of all pieces of such system: the lawyer, the clerk, the judge, the prison authorities and the convicts. In treating the theme of the Victorian system of punishment, Dickens shows his position against prisons, transportation and death penalty. The main character, a little child who has expectations of becoming a gentleman to be of the same social position of the girls he loves, passes from having no interest on criminality and its penalties to be very concerned on the issue. By means of other characters, for instance Mrs. Joe Gargery, Dickens tries to define the people’s common view about convicts, transportation and capital punishment. In portraying the character of the convict, Dickens sets out the case in hand of two people sentenced to transportation for forgery of banknotes and an alyses their psychology. By reading the novel, the reader becomes aware of the Victorian unfair justice regarding poor and illiterate people, but advantageous towards the rich and educated middle-class. The prison system in England may have had a significant effect on the life and writing of Charles Dickens due to his father’s imprisonment in Marshalsea Debtors’ Prison as a consequence of his debts. These kinds of prisons came to be workhouses for people who had lost all their belongings. In case debtors had family, it must accompany them in prison. This painful experience may have kept way in his mind for the rest of his life. His involvement with the legal world came when he was employed as a clerk at a lawyer’s office. His later interest in penology made him read many works related to this subject. For this reason, he incorporated both the treatment of convicts and capital punishment in many novels. Great Expectations is a harsh criticism on the British legal and penal System as well as on Victorian society, achieved after exploring his characters’ behaviour, since the laws were only unfair for those on the bottom rung of the social ladder. London was one of the greatest cities in the world in the 19th C. At this time huge amounts of money were invested in industry and buildings as trade with other countrie... ...ntered out with a haggard look of bravery, and a few nodded to the gallery and others went out chewing the fragments of herb they had taken from the sweet herbs lying about† (451-452). It is when Pip learns to feel beyond the mask of respectability that he sees the unfair justice that condemns people with good-hearts: â€Å"For now, my repugnance to him had all melted away, and in the hunted wounded shackled creature who held my hand in his, I only saw a man who meant to be my benefactor, and who had left affectionately, gratefully, and generously, towards me with great constancy through a series of years† (441). As a conclusion, Charles Dickens criticises both sorts of punishment, the prison system and transportation as well as the unfairness carried for the judicial systems when creating laws little favourable for the poor. At the same time, he points out the Victorian hypocrisy of the rich and the lack of culture of the poor regarding the world of criminality. Work Cited Barnes, John. â€Å"The Method of Narration.† Dickens’ Great Expectations, 23- 32. London: Macmillan, 1996. Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Ed. Janice Carlisle. 1861. London: Bedford, 2006.

Jsbmha and Hipaa Case Study

JSBMHA and HIPAA Case Study Appendix C University of Phoenix Axia College Week 5 How does HIPAA serve to protect patient rights? HIPAA protects any individual’s past their present and future information whether it be physical, mental or any other condition that affects that person. It also protects anything that identifies the individual involved, that would their name, address, birth date and Social Security number. Nothing should be discussed about any individual that an agency is helping. It should not be discussed with anyone who is not directly involved with the case even if that person works for the agency. If they are not involved then it should not be discussed. What areas of the JSBMHA did HIPAA compliance impact? HIPAA has a great impact on patients rights, all areas of the JSBMHA were affected by these two individuals. They affected the patients, and put the agency in an awkward position. They affected the agency, the grandmother could make others aware about what happened and this could affect the agency negatively. People who are involved with the agency could be made to feel uncomfortable about giving them any information. It would mean that information at the JSBMHA is not secure, the trust has been violated. What actions should the JSBMHA director take about the HIPAA violation? Explain your answers in detail. I feel that both individuals should be suspended, this is a serious violation. The have put the agency in a very bad situation and have lost the trust of the family. Jim knew better, he has been with the agency much longer then Betty, he should have advised her that she should not be talking about these people outside of the office. I think maybe Jim should get fired because he does no better, 20 years is a long time to be with a company and it is more then enough time to understand and know the rules. He was supposed to be an example to Betty, someone who she can learn from. Maybe the agency should make an example of him. They both violated the HIPAA law, but I think Jim’s punishment should be more severe.

Agricultural Practices and Animal Husbandry

We also eat leaves and stem of spinach and plenty of fruits. Thus, human beings depend on plants and animals for food. 32. 2 AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES The branch of science which deals with methods of food production is known as agriculture. Besides studying the new methods of food production, in this branch of science we also study about how new and better varieties of crops can be grown, how animals and birds like cows, hens, etc. can be reared well and made to give more milk or better quality eggs?All these new methods which scientists develop come under agricultural practices. We need vegetables, fruits, cereals, pulses, etc. as food. For our clothes, we need the fibre of plants or animals. We get all these foods and fibres by farming or agriculture. ACTIVITY 32. 1 Make a list of things which you use every day. Categorise those items which you get directly or indirectly from agriculture. Does your list look like the one given below? For easy reading, agricultural pro ducts have been divided into the following groups as given in the table 32.1. Table 32. 1: Various categories of food items Examples Sorghum (Jowar), Ragi (finger millet) and Bajra (pearl millet) Arhar (Tur), Black gram (Urad), Green gram (Moong), and Bengal gram (Channa) Beans Peas, Soyabean, Cowpea, Lentil Oilseeds Mustard, Groundnut, Soyabean, Sunflower, Linseed, Castor and Cotton seed Root crops Carrot, Turnip, Sweet potato Tuber crops Potato, Tapioca, Ginger and Turmeric Sugar crops Sugarcane and Beet root Plantation crops Coffee, Tea, Rubber and Coconut Category Millets Pulses 32.3 HORTICULTURE Did you observe that something is missing from the list of food items which we eat every day. What is it that we have not listed here in table 32. 1? Yes, we have neither included vegetables nor fruits in this list. Vegetables and fruits are essential items of our diet and their growth and production are studied under a branch of agriculture called horticulture. Horticulture is derived from two latin words: hortus which means garden, and culture which means cultivation. : 288 : Agricultural Practices and Animal HusbandryThe branch of agriculture that deals with growing and production of vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants and management of orchards is called horticulture. Horticulturists research to find new ways by which better varieties of fruits and vegetables can be grown in large quantities. 32. 4 STEPS IN RAISING IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE To increase our food production we can sow good quality seeds and improve the methods of sowing. We can make the soil more rich and even use better techniques for harvesting the crops.Some of the agricultural practices which scientists have developed and which our farmers have started are explained here. 1. Preparation of soil This is an important practice which helps to enrich the soil and make it more fertile and aerated. It involves addition of manure followed by turning, loosening and levelling of the soil, using agricultural implements like spade, plough or mechanical farm implements. 2. Seed treatment Seeds can easily be attacked by micro-organisms. The crops that grow out of diseased seeds will also be unhealthy.So farmers treat these seeds by dipping them in certain chemicals like cerosan or agrosan. These chemicals do not allow the microorganisms to attack the seeds and damage them. Such chemicals are called Fungicides. Once the seeds are treated, they can be sown. 3. Preparing the seed bed and care of the seedlings In certain crop plants like paddy and some of the vegetables, seeds are not sown directly in the main field. First these seeds are sown in a nursery bed. Once they grow to a certain age they are transferred and planted in the main field. These small plants are called seedlings.When the farmers prepare a nursery bed they take care of the following: †¢ The soil of the bed should be soft and loose so that the tender roots of the seedlings can grow well. This can be achieve d by digging or ploughing the field well. †¢ The seed bed or where the seedlings are planted should be even so that when we water the plants, the water distributes itself uniformly all over the field. †¢ All weeds or unwanted plants in the field must be removed. Do you know why? It is because these weeds also take water and nutrients from the soil and as a result the desired plants cannot get enough of the nutrients.The seedlings also need to be protected from diseases and pests. This is done by spraying chemicals like Parathion, Sevin, Dimecron and Rogor on the seedlings. 4. Transplanting The process of removing the seedlings from the nursery bed and planting them in the main field is called transplanting. When we transplant, we must select those seedlings which have 4 to 5 healthy Agricultural Practices and Animal Husbandry : 289 : leaves. These are sowed at proper distance from each other. The main field must be ploughed and manured before transplanting.Generally rice a nd vegetables like tomato and brinjal are sown by transplanting. Transplanting of seedlings is a very important practice. This enables us to select good and healthy seedlings and get a better crop. Besides, when we transplant seedlings, their roots are able to go deep into the soil and get more nutrients. When seedlings get good food, they grow into healthy plants and give a better yield. 5. Adding fertilizers Crops need nutrients like phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen etc. for their growth and pick up these nutrients from the soil.It is very important to add fertilizers to the soil. They provide nutrients to the soil and help to obtain a better crop yield. Depending on the type of soil and the crop to be grown, we use different fertilizers. The way we use a fertilizer also depends upon what type of fertilizer is being added to the soil. A fertilizer which contains nitrogen (nitrogenous fertilizer) is generally given in two or three doses. Other fertilizers are phosphatic and complex fe rtilizers. Some fertilisers are added to the soil before transplanting. You must have heard about the most commonly used fertilizer ‘NPK’.The letter N stands for nitrogen, P for phosphate and K for potassium. While fertilizers are manufactured from chemicals in factories, manure is made from organic substances and contains nutrients in small quantities. Some of the commonly used manure are: Farmyard manure, as the name suggests is a mixture of decomposed cattle dung (excreta) and urine, left over fodder (cattle feed) and litter (bedding provided to cattle in the farm). Compost is manure made from vegetable and animal refuse collected from domestic waste, straw, weeds etc. , dumped in a deep pit to decompose.Vermicompost is compost broken down by earthworms. Like fertilizers manures too add nutrients to soil. 6. Use of plant growth regulators Plant growth regulators are certain chemicals which regulate the growth of plants. All plants have growth regulators which determi ne how tall the plant would be, how big its fruit will be, etc. We can now add some plant growth regulators like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid etc. to get a better yield of crops. You will learn more about these plant growth regulators in higher classes.7. Irrigation Irrigation is necessary for proper development of plants. Roots fail to develop and penetrate in the dry soil. The crop is irrigated according to its requirement and soil characteristics. Irrigation is essential during the seedling, flowering and grain filling stages of the crop. Rice crop needs standing water. : 290 : Agricultural Practices and Animal Husbandry 8. Harvesting Harvesting machines have now replaced the back breaking job of hand harvesting with the sickle and scythe. Harvesting machines cut or dig out the plant or its parts as required.The machines gather the plant parts, separate desired parts and eliminate parts not needed. Certain harvesting machines may even load the crop for transpor t. However, the above mentioned functions of harvesting machines depend on kind of crop, plant parts to be harvested, crop use, stage of maturity, etc. 32. 5 SOME OTHER DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES 32. 5. 1 Rotation of crops If you stay in a village you must have seen that the wheat crop is planted during the month of November and harvested in March and April. The rice crop is planted in June-July and harvested in October and November.The land that lies fallow in between these two cereal crops, can be used by the farmers for sowing a leguminous crop at this time. A leguminous crop does not take as long as wheat or rice to grow. So by the time the farmer has to plant the cereal crops (rice, wheat etc. ) the pulse is ready to be harvested. Leguminous crops include pea, beans, grams and pulses. They harbour nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodules of their roots (Fig. 32. 1). These bacteria convert free nitrogen from atmosphere into usable form. Thus, after the leguminous crop is harves ted, the soil is left fertile for other crops.The process of growing a different crop preferably a leguminous crop in between raising of two similar crops is called rotation of crops. Fig. 32. 1 Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules Crop rotation has a lot of benefits, (i) the land gets utilized, (ii) the pulse crop uses up different nutrients from the soil but it fixes the nitrogen from the air and makes the soil richer in nitrogen and so more fertile. This way the next cereal crop gives a better yield. If we do not practice crop rotation by growing different crops on a piece of land, butcontinue to grow the same crop, year after year, they will keep on using the same nutrients from the soil till all the nutrients in the soil get used up. The newly grown plants get poor nourishment from the soil and grow up to be weak and of bad quality. When plants are weak the insects can easily attack them and destroy them. Thus, crop rotation restores the fertility of Agricultural Practi ces and Animal Husbandry : 291 : the soil, it gives better yield, prevents crop from diseases and pests and reduces the dependence on chemical fertilizers.Multiple cropping Growing two to four crops one after the other in a year in the same field is called multiple cropping. Multiple cropping is possible, when we make use of crop varieties that grow for a short period of time. However, to get best results there must be a properly managed field. In fact, multiple cropping is the best solution for a country with food problem because same piece of land is used to grow different kinds of crops. ACTIVITY 32. 2 Here is something you can do. Visit a nearby agricultural farm or vegetable garden.Observe and note down the agricultural practices being used there. All the above mentioned practices are meant to ensure that plants have a healthy growth and yield a good crop. Along with these developments in our country we have also brought under cultivation more and more land. The increased culti vation of agricultural crops is in order to meet requirements of a growing population. 32. 5. 3 Improving the variety of seeds You must have often heard or read advertisements which encourage farmers to buy new and better varieties of seeds.Some of these new varieties are resistant to diseases and give a very good crop. Some of the improved high-yielding crop varieties which our scientists have developed are given in table 32. 2. Table 32. 2 Improved high-yielding varieties of crops Crop Rice Wheat Maize Lady’s finger (Bhindi) Brinjal Variety I R-8, Jaya, Padma, Bala Sarbati sonara, Sonalika, Kalyan sona, Hira-moti, RR-21 and UP 301 Ganga 101, Rankit and Deccan hybrid Pusa savani Pusa purple, Pusa kranti and Muktabeshi Do you know what name is given to scientists who develop such new varieties of seeds?They are called plant breeders. Plant breeders have not only raised better quality seeds but also better quality fruits. Mango has been named the ‘king of fruits’ and in our country we grow many varieties of mangoes. Some of them are Alphonse, Langra, Chausa, Saroli, Dussehri, Himsagar, Safeda, Sinduri, Mulgoba, Amini. 32. 6 PROTECTION OF CROPS IN THE FIELD As crops grow in the field, they have to be protected such that they produce a healthy yield. The weeds growing along with crops have to be removed and growing crops have to be saved from the attack of pests especially insects pests.

Summary William Carey Essay Example

Summary William Carey Essay Example Summary William Carey Essay Summary William Carey Essay He decided to talk about missions, one of the members told him that that wasnt part of their job that missions were made for apostle only and that when they died missions were over. The discussion was over. William decided to study more about missions to discuss that topic later. William boss heard the discussion, he knew William was studying about missions so he decided to tell William to antique to study and that he didnt need t work anymore that he was going to get paid by studying. The research started like a short investigation which turned into an essay and later to a manuscript of a book, when William finished the manuscript it was a book. The title was really long in that time long tittles for books meant they were good books but Williams book title was so long the y called it just Enquiry. He didnt had enough money to publish It. So it was kept as a manuscript. One day he met a guy that was named Tom Potts, Tom read Williams book and he offer to pay the price for he book to be published. The book was published and it was really successfully. It was one of the best books of that time because it contained history, religion, and geography. All in five chapters. The book made everyone realize that missions were actually really important. They started a species to support missions. Every member promised to give as much money as they were able, William gave all the money he gain from the book. One day William received a letter from a guy in London, this guy was a real missionary. William couldnt believe a real missionary had wrote him a letter. They agreed to meet on the next meeting of the missionary society. The missionary was late but everyone get to know him, William stayed talking to him all night, he had so many questions and every answer brought a new question with it. The missionary told them all his history when he was working on his mission to spread the gospel in India. He told them he had a commitment to come back, and that he thought coming back with a new helper would be a great idea. All the society agreed, they would have to maintain the missionary his fife and daughter as well as the helper and his family, they had not enough money so they started a tour to promote the missions on all the villages around. Williams wife didnt agree to go with him, so he was going with one of his children, while her wife, the kids and the one on the way stayed at the village. The missions society agreed to maintain her while William was gone. On the tour they were able to gather enough money to maintain the missionaries family and William and his child Felix for a year more or less. There was a bit of money left for them to sell something in India, the money they were going to gather approximately would give them enough no maintain themselves for sort Of another year. Finally on April they were all set to start the trip. They had no permission, so the missionary was friends with the captain of the boat, so he asked him what to do if they were not allowed to enter, the captain simply answered: if youre not allowed to enter God doesnt want you there. He felt relieved with that simple answer, finally they started their adventure to India.

Dealing With Homesickness at Boarding School

Dealing With Homesickness at Boarding School Any parent who has seen their child go off to boarding school, or even college, has likely experienced that dreaded phone call home. I miss you. I want to come home. Homesickness is a natural, albeit challenging, reaction to being away from home for the first time. Unfortunately, there are no quick cures for homesickness, a feeling all of us encounter at some point or another. If your child is going off to boarding school, homesickness is bound to be something he or she has to deal with too. Going off to boarding school is what the professionals call a planned separation. Reassure your child by explaining that those feelings of missing familiar surroundings and family are perfectly normal. Tell them about the times when you felt homesick and how you dealt with it. Need more advice? Check out these four tips. Dont Allow Your Child to Call You Constantly This is a tough thing for a parent to do. But you have to firmly lay down the ground rules for calling you. You also need to resist the temptation to call and check in on your child every hour. Establish a regular time for a 15-minute chat and stick to it. The school will have rules about when and where students can use cell phones. Encourage Your Child to Make New Friends Your childs advisor and dorm master will help them meet older students who will take them under their wings, helping them to quickly make lots of new friends; if you give him or her some room to do so. Remember, the school has dealt with homesick children for years. It will have a plan in place to keep your child so busy that he or she probably wont have time to be homesick, especially in the first few days or weeks. Sports, all sorts of clubs and plenty of homework fill up most days. Dorm mates will soon become fast friends and it wont be long before you call at the appointed time and are told that he or she only has a minute before the swim club meets. Dont Be a Helicopter Parent Of course, you are there for your child, but he or she needs to learn quickly that it is necessary to adjust and cope. Thats what life is about. Your child has to make decisions and abide by the consequences of those decisions. He or she has to make choices independently and not rely on you, the parent, to provide guidance constantly. Your child will never develop good judgment if you make all the choices and decide everything for him or her. Resist the temptation to be an over-protective parent. The school will act as a parent and protect your child while in their care. That is their contractual responsibility. Understand That It Takes Time to Adjust Your child has to learn new daily routines and allow his or her biorhythms to adapt to the new, somewhat inflexible schedule of boarding school. Habits often take a month to develop and become second nature, so be patient and remind your child to stick with whatever challenges are arising. It will get better. Homesickness is typically a temporary phenomenon. It passes within a few days. If, however, it does not pass and your child is extremely unhappy to the point of despair, dont ignore it. Speak with the school and find out what they feel can be done.   Incidentally, this is one more reason why it is so important for you and your child to get the fit right. If a student is happy in his or her new surroundings, the feelings of homesickness will pass very quickly.

China's Aging Population Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

China's Aging Population - Research Paper Example The advances in health care that has raised the life expectancy to about 78 years have caused the china to change into an aging population. The high nutritional values in conjunction with the one child policy assumed by the modern day families in the country are also catalyst to aging population in China. The shift of China’s population to old age oriented might have a profound effect on her economy for the adults to be. The Chinese government will have to alter its budgetary policy in favor of the current situation and allow for heightened expenses. According to the international standards of population and demographic distribution, if more than ten percent of the county’s population is above sixty years of age, then this population is described as an ageing population. The Chinese government announced in 2000 that those beyond sixty-five years make about seven per cent of the national population. However, the expectation was that this trend would continue and expected that by 2050 more than thirty per cent of the country’s population would be more than sixty years. The basis of china’s aging population are just as those found anywhere in any other country (Robinson 231). The country has low infertility rate, the life expectancy has risen, and there has been cumulative effect in changes of birth and death rates. The country is and will continue to experience a decline in fertility rate due to the one-child policy. The government has been advocating for the adoption of this policy, thus it has been the main contributor to the changing structure of the Chinese population. The future of the Chinese economy is likely to be very prudent if measures to counteract the negative economic effects that may come along with the aging population are not set. The country may have to change the legal retirement age in order to facilitate work for a continuous production round the year. The Chinese economy is likely to have a great effect in the fut ure. Take for instance the education system that receives a lot of emphasis in the Chinese families. The education system currently has great effect from the large swaths of population where even the secondary education has no guarantee and the technical training as well (Uhlenberg 157). However, improving the education system and the skills of the workers may have a positive effect in improving the economy and compensate the impending decline in the share of the working age. Improving the skills of labor that is absorbed in to the production sector improves the productivity of the country. China has been on the long run to lay strategies that would mobilize the portion of the potential workforce, which is dormant or poorly utilized. The reserve labor force of china lays the concerns that china may not have enough workers in the future (England 5). As the population ages, the country will have to devote most of the resources to the care of the elderly people. The government will hav e to increase the pension rates in order to benefit the elderly. The increasing ration of the old people in the Chinese population has diverse economic implication for its society and thus impromptu policies and measures to counteract the future effect have to be laid. As the proportion of the elderly people, grow higher in relation to the overall population, the proportion of the young workers drops (Robinson 238). For example in china the active labor force aged